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Object-centric Data Modelling for Process Mining and BI

Object-centric Process Mining on Data Mesh Architectures

November 15, 2023/in Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Business Analytics, Business Intelligence, Cloud, Data Engineering, Data Mining, Data Science, Data Warehousing, Industrie 4.0, Machine Learning, Main Category, Predictive Analytics, Process Mining/by Benjamin Aunkofer

In addition to Business Intelligence (BI), Process Mining is no longer a new phenomenon, but almost all larger companies are conducting this data-driven process analysis in their organization.

The database for Process Mining is also establishing itself as an important hub for Data Science and AI applications, as process traces are very granular and informative about what is really going on in the business processes.

The trend towards powerful in-house cloud platforms for data and analysis ensures that large volumes of data can increasingly be stored and used flexibly. This aspect can be applied well to Process Mining, hand in hand with BI and AI.

New big data architectures and, above all, data sharing concepts such as Data Mesh are ideal for creating a common database for many data products and applications.

The Event Log Data Model for Process Mining

Process Mining as an analytical system can very well be imagined as an iceberg. The tip of the iceberg, which is visible above the surface of the water, is the actual visual process analysis. In essence, a graph analysis that displays the process flow as a flow chart. This is where the processes are filtered and analyzed.

The lower part of the iceberg is barely visible to the normal analyst on the tool interface, but is essential for implementation and success: this is the Event Log as the data basis for graph and data analysis in Process Mining. The creation of this data model requires the data connection to the source system (e.g. SAP ERP), the extraction of the data and, above all, the data modeling for the event log.

Simple Data Model for a Process Mining Event Log.

As part of data engineering, the data traces that indicate process activities are brought into a log-like schema. A simple event log is therefore a simple table with the minimum requirement of a process number (case ID), a time stamp and an activity description.

Example Event Log for Process Mining

An Event Log can be seen as one big data table containing all the process information. Splitting this big table into several data tables is due to the goal of increasing the efficiency of storing the data in a normalized database.

The following example SQL-query is inserting Event-Activities from a SAP ERP System into an existing event log database table (one big table). It shows that events are based on timestamps (CPUDT, CPUTM) and refer each to one of a list of possible activities (dependent on VGABE).

Inserting Events of Material Movement of Purchasing Processes

INSERT INTO Event_Log

SELECT EKBE.EBELN AS Einkaufsbeleg

,EKBE.EBELN + EKBE.EBELP AS PurchaseOrderPosition-- <-- Case ID of this Purchasing Process

,MSEG_MKPF.AUFNR AS CustomerOrder

,NULL AS CustomerOrderPosition

,CASE -- <-- Activitiy Description dependent on a flag

WHEN MSEG_MKPF.VGABE = 'WA' THEN 'Warehouse Outbound for Customer Order'

WHEN MSEG_MKPF.VGABE = 'WF' THEN 'Warehouse Inbound for Customer Order'

WHEN MSEG_MKPF.VGABE = 'WO' THEN 'Material Movement for Manufacturing'

WHEN MSEG_MKPF.VGABE = 'WE' THEN 'Warehouse Inbound for Purchase Order'

WHEN MSEG_MKPF.VGABE = 'WQ' THEN 'Material Movement for Stock'

WHEN MSEG_MKPF.VGABE = 'WR' THEN 'Material Movement after Manufacturing'

ELSE 'Material Movement (other)'

END AS Activity

,EKPO.MATNR AS Material -- <--

,NULL AS StorageType

,MSEG_MKPF.LGORT AS StorageLocation

,SUBSTRING(MSEG_MKPF.CPUDT ,1,2) + '-' + SUBSTRING(MSEG_MKPF.CPUDT,4,2) + '-' + SUBSTRING(MSEG_MKPF.CPUDT,7,4) + ' '

+ SUBSTRING(MSEG_MKPF.CPUTM,1,8) + '.0000' AS EventTime

,'020' AS Sorting

,MSEG_MKPF.USNAM AS EventUser

,EKBE.MATNR AS Material

,MSEG_MKPF.BWART AS MovementType

,MSEG_MKPF.MANDT AS Mandant

FROM SAP.EKBE

LEFT JOIN SAP.EKPO

ON EKBE.MANDT = EKPO.MANDT

AND EKBE.BUKRS = EKPO.BURKSEKBE.EBELN = EKPO.EBELN

AND EKBE.Pos = EKPO.Pos

LEFT JOIN SAP.MSEG_MKPF AS MSEG_MKPF -- <-- Here as a pre-join of MKPF & MSEG table

ON EKBE.MANDT = MSEG_MKPF.MANDT

AND EKBE.BURKS = MSEG.BUKRSMSEG_MKPF.MATNR = EKBE.MATNR

AND MSEG_MKPF.EBELP = EKBE.EBELP

WHERE EKBE.VGABE= '1' -- <-- OR EKBE.VGABE= '2' -- Warehouse Outbound -> VGABE = 1, Invoice Inbound -> VGABE = 2

Attention: Please see this SQL as a pure example of event mining for a classic (single table) event log! It is based on a German SAP ERP configuration with customized processes.

An Event Log can also include many other columns (attributes) that describe the respective process activity in more detail or the higher-level process context.

Incidentally, Process Mining can also work with more than just one timestamp per activity. Even the small Process Mining tool Fluxicon Disco made it possible to handle two activities from the outset. For example, when creating an order in the ERP system, the opening and closing of an input screen could be recorded as a timestamp and the execution time of the micro-task analyzed. This concept is continued as so-called task mining.

Task Mining

Task Mining is a subtype of Process Mining and can utilize user interaction data, which includes keystrokes, mouse clicks or data input on a computer. It can also include user recordings and screenshots with different timestamp intervals.

As Task Mining provides a clearer insight into specific sub-processes, program managers and HR managers can also understand which parts of the process can be automated through tools such as RPA. So whenever you hear that Process Mining can prepare RPA definitions you can expect that Task Mining is the real deal.

Machine Learning for Process and Task Mining on Text and Video Data

Process Mining and Task Mining is already benefiting a lot from Text Recognition (Named-Entity Recognition, NER) by Natural Lamguage Processing (NLP) by identifying events of processes e.g. in text of tickets or e-mails. And even more Task Mining will benefit form Computer Vision since videos of manufacturing processes or traffic situations can be read out. Even MTM analysis can be done with Computer Vision which detects movement and actions in video material.

Object-Centric Process Mining

Object-centric Process Data Modeling is an advanced approach of dynamic data modelling for analyzing complex business processes, especially those involving multiple interconnected entities. Unlike classical process mining, which focuses on linear sequences of activities of a specific process chain, object-centric process mining delves into the intricacies of how different entities, such as orders, items, and invoices, interact with each other. This method is particularly effective in capturing the complexities and many-to-many relationships inherent in modern business processes.

Note from the author: The concept and name of object-centric process mining was introduced by Wil M.P. van der Aalst 2019 and as a product feature term by Celonis in 2022 and is used extensively in marketing. This concept is based on dynamic data modelling. I probably developed my first event log made of dynamic data models back in 2016 and used it for an industrial customer. At that time, I couldn’t use the Celonis tool for this because you could only model very dedicated event logs for Celonis and the tool couldn’t remap the attributes of the event log while on the other hand a tool like Fluxicon disco could easily handle all kinds of attributes in an event log and allowed switching the event perspective e.g. from sales order number to material number or production order number easily.

An object-centric data model is a big deal because it offers the opportunity for a holistic approach and as a database a single source of truth for Process Mining but also for other types of analytical applications.

Enhancement of the Data Model for Obect-Centricity

The Event Log is a data model that stores events and their related attributes. A classic Event Log has next to the Case ID, the timestamp and a activity description also process related attributes containing information e.g. about material, department, user, amounts, units, prices, currencies, volume, volume classes and much much more. This is something we can literally objectify!

The problem of this classic event log approach is that this information is transformed and joined to the Event Log specific to the process it is designed for.

An object-centric event log is a central data store for all kind of events mapped to all relevant objects to these events. For that reason our event log – that brings object into the center of gravity – we need a relational bridge table (Event_Object_Relation) into the focus. This tables creates the n to m relation between events (with their timestamps and other event-specific values) and all objects.

For fulfillment of relational database normalization the object table contains the object attributes only but relates their object attribut values from another table to these objects.

Advanced Event Log with dynamic Relations between Objects and Events

The above showed data model is already object-centric but still can become more dynamic in order to object attributes by object type (e.g. the type material will have different attributes then the type invoice or department). Furthermore the problem that not just events and their activities have timestamps but also objects can have specific timestamps (e.g. deadline or resignation dates).

Advanced Event Log with dynamic Relations between Objects and Events and dynamic bounded attributes and their values to Events – And the same for Objects.

A last step makes the event log data model more easy to analyze with BI tools: Adding a classical time dimension adding information about each timestamp (by date, not by time of day), e.g. weekdays or public holidays.

Advanced Event Log with dynamic Relations between Objects and Events and dynamic bounded attributes and their values to Events and Objects. The measured timestamps (and duration times in case of Task Mining) are enhanced with a time-dimension for BI applications.

For analysis the way of Business Intelligence this normalized data model can already be used. On the other hand it is also possible to transform it into a fact-dimensional data model like the star schema (Kimball approach). Also Data Science related use cases will find granular data e.g. for training a regression model for predicting duration times by process.

Note from the author: Process Mining is often regarded as a separate discipline of analysis and this is a justified classification, as process mining is essentially a graph analysis based on the event log. Nevertheless, process mining can be considered a sub-discipline of business intelligence. It is therefore hardly surprising that some process mining tools are actually just a plugin for Power BI, Tableau or Qlik.

Storing the Object-Centrc Analytical Data Model on Data Mesh Architecture

Central data models, particularly when used in a Data Mesh in the Enterprise Cloud, are highly beneficial for Process Mining, Business Intelligence, Data Science, and AI Training. They offer consistency and standardization across data structures, improving data accuracy and integrity. This centralized approach streamlines data governance and management, enhancing efficiency. The scalability and flexibility provided by data mesh architectures on the cloud are very beneficial for handling large datasets useful for all analytical applications.

Note from the author: Process Mining data models are very similar to normalized data models for BI reporting according to Bill Inmon (as a counterpart to Ralph Kimball), but are much more granular. While classic BI is satisfied with the header and item data of orders, process mining also requires all changes to these orders. Process mining therefore exceeds this data requirement. Furthermore, process mining is complementary to data science, for example the prediction of process runtimes or failures. It is therefore all the more important that these efforts in this treasure trove of data are centrally available to the company.

Central single source of truth models also foster collaboration, providing a common data language for cross-functional teams and reducing redundancy, leading to cost savings. They enable quicker data processing and decision-making, support advanced analytics and AI with standardized data formats, and are adaptable to changing business needs.

DATANOMIQ Data Mesh Cloud Architecture – This image is animated! Click to enlarge!

Central data models in a cloud-based Data Mesh Architecture (e.g. on Microsoft Azure, AWS, Google Cloud Platform or SAP Dataverse) significantly improve data utilization and drive effective business outcomes. And that´s why you should host any object-centric data model not in a dedicated tool for analysis but centralized on a Data Lakehouse System.

About the Process Mining Tool for Object-Centric Process Mining

Celonis is the first tool that can handle object-centric dynamic process mining event logs natively in the event collection. However, it is not neccessary to have Celonis for using object-centric process mining if you have the dynamic data model on your own cloud distributed with the concept of a data mesh. Other tools for process mining such as Signavio, UiPath, and process.science or even the simple desktop tool Fluxicon Disco can be used as well. The important point is that the data mesh approach allows you to easily generate classic event logs for each analysis perspective using the dynamic object-centric data model which can be used for all tools of process visualization…

… and you can also use this central data model to generate data extracts for all other data applications (BI, Data Science, and AI training) as well!

Why using Infrastructure as Code for developing Cloud-based Data Warehouse Systems?

September 20, 2023/in Cloud, Data Engineering, Infrastructure as Code, Main Category, Tutorial/by Benjamin Aunkofer

In the contemporary age of Big Data, Data Warehouse Systems and Data Science Analytics Infrastructures have become an essential component for organizations to store, analyze, and make data-driven decisions. With the evolution of cloud computing, many organizations are now migrating their Data Warehouse Systems to the cloud for better scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency. Infrastructure as Code (IaC) can be a game-changer in this scenario. By automating the provisioning and management of cloud resources through code, IaC brings a host of advantages to the development and maintenance of Data Warehouse Systems in the cloud.

So why using IaC for Cloud Data Infrastructures?

Of course you – as a human user – can always login into the admin portal of any cloud provider and manually get your resources like SQL databases, ETL tools, Virtual Networks and tools like Synapse, snowflake, BigQuery or Databrikcs in place by clicking on the right buttons….. But here is why you should better follow the idea of having your code explaining which resources are in what order in place in your cloud:

Version Control for your Cloud Infrastructure

One of the primary advantages of using IaC is version control for your Data Warehouse – or Data Lakehouse – Architecture. Whether you’re using Redshift, Snowflake, or any other cloud-based data warehouse solutions, you can codify your architecture settings, allowing you to track changes over time. This ensures a reliable and consistent development environment and makes it easier to identify issues, rollback updates, or replicate the architecture for other projects.

Scalability Tailored for Data Needs

Data Warehouse Systems often require to scale quickly to handle larger datasets or more queries. Traditional manual scaling methods are cumbersome and slow. IaC allows for efficient auto-scaling based on real-time needs. You can write scripts to automatically provision or de-provision resources depending on your data workloads, making your data warehouse highly adaptive to your organization’s changing requirements.

Cost-Efficiency in Resource Allocation

Cloud resources are priced based on usage, so efficient allocation is crucial for managing costs. IaC enables precise control over cloud resources, allowing you to turn them off when not in use or allocate more resources during peak times. For Data Warehouse Systems that often require powerful (and expensive) computing resources, this level of control can translate into significant cost savings.

Streamlined Collaboration Among Teams

Data Warehouse Systems in the cloud often involve cross-functional teams — data engineers, data scientists, and system administrators. IaC allows these teams to collaborate more effectively. Everyone works with the same infrastructure configurations, reducing discrepancies between development, staging, and production environments. This ensures that the data models and queries developed by data professionals are consistent with the underlying infrastructure.

Enhanced Security and Compliance

Data Warehouses often store sensitive information, making security a paramount concern. IaC allows security configurations to be codified and automated, ensuring that every new resource or service deployed complies with organizational and regulatory guidelines. This proactive security approach is particularly beneficial for industries that have to adhere to strict compliance rules like HIPAA or GDPR.

Reliable Environment for Data Operations

Manual configurations are prone to human error, which can compromise the reliability of a Data Warehouse System. IaC mitigates this risk by automating repetitive tasks, ensuring that the infrastructure is consistently provisioned. This brings reliability to data ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes, query performances, and other critical data operations.

Documentation and Disaster Recovery Made Easy

Data is the lifeblood of any organization, and losing it can be catastrophic. IaC allows for swift disaster recovery by codifying the entire infrastructure. If a disaster occurs, the infrastructure can be quickly recreated, reducing downtime and data loss.

Most common IaC solutions

The most common tools for creating Cloud Infrastructure as Code are probably Terraform and Pulumi. However, IaC solutions can be very different in their concepts. For example: While Terraform is a pure declarative configuration language that just describes how the infrastructure will look like (execution then by the Terraform-supporting Cloud Provider), Pulumi on the other hand will execute the deployment by a programming language iteratively deploying the wished cloud resources (e.g. using for loops in Python). While executing Pulumi in any supported programming language like Python or C#, Pulumi generates declarative Infrastructure build plans for the Cloud. Any IaC solution is declaring how the infrastrcture looks like.

Terraform

Terraform is one of the most widely used Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools, developed by HashiCorp. It enables users to define and provision a data center infrastructure using a declarative configuration language known as HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL).

The following Terraform script will create an Azure Resource Group, a SQL Server, and a SQL Database. It will also output the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the SQL Server, which you can use to connect to the database:

provider "azurerm" {

features {}

}

resource "azurerm_resource_group" "example" {

name = "example-resources"

location = "East US"

}

resource "azurerm_sql_server" "example" {

name = "example-sqlserver"

resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.example.name

location = azurerm_resource_group.example.location

version = "12.0"

administrator_login = "adminUser"

administrator_login_password = "adminPassword1234!"

}

resource "azurerm_sql_database" "example" {

name = "example-sqldb"

resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.example.name

server_name = azurerm_sql_server.example.name

location = azurerm_resource_group.example.location

edition = "Basic"

}

output "sql_server_fqdn" {

value = azurerm_sql_server.example.fully_qualified_domain_name

}

The HCL code needs to be placed into the Terrafirm main.tf file. Of course, Terraform and the Azure CLI needs to be installed before.

Pulumi

Pulumi is a modern Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool that sets itself apart by allowing infrastructure to be defined using general-purpose programming languages like Python, TypeScript, Go, and C#.

Example of a Pulumi Python script creating a SQL Database on Microsoft Azure Cloud:

import * as pulumi from "@pulumi/pulumi";

import * as azure from "@pulumi/azure";

// Create an Azure Resource Group

const resourceGroup = new azure.core.ResourceGroup("myResourceGroup", {

location: "EastUS",

});

// Create an Azure SQL Server

const sqlServer = new azure.sql.SqlServer("mySqlServer", {

resourceGroupName: resourceGroup.name,

location: resourceGroup.location,

version: "12.0",

administratorLogin: "adminUser",

administratorLoginPassword: "adminPassword1234!",

});

// Create an Azure SQL Database on the SQL Server

const sqlDatabase = new azure.sql.Database("mySqlDatabase", {

resourceGroupName: resourceGroup.name,

serverName: sqlServer.name,

location: resourceGroup.location,

edition: "Basic",

});

// Export connection string for the SQL Database

export const sqlConnectionString = pulumi.all([sqlServer.name, resourceGroup.name, sqlDatabase.name]).apply(([serverName, rgName, dbName]) => {

return `Server=tcp:${serverName}.database.windows.net;initial catalog=${dbName};user ID=adminUser;password=adminPassword1234!;Min Pool Size=0;Max Pool Size=30;Persist Security Info=true;`;

});

Running the script will need the installation of Python, Pulumi and the Azure CLI.

Cloud Provider specific IaC Solutions

Cloud providers might come up with their own IaC solutions, here are the probably most common ones:

Microsoft Azure Bicep is an open-source domain-specific language (DSL) developed by Microsoft, aimed at simplifying the process of deploying Azure resources. It serves as a declarative alternative to JSON for writing Azure Resource Manager (ARM) templates. Bicep compiles down to ARM templates, offering a more concise syntax and easier tooling while leveraging the proven, underlying ARM deployment engine.

AWS CloudFormation is a service offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that allows you to define cloud infrastructure in JSON or YAML templates.

Google Cloud Deployment Manager is quite similar to AWS CloudFormation but tailored for Google Cloud Platform (GCP), it allows you to define and deploy resources using YAML or Python templates.

IaC Tools for Server Configuration

There are many other IaC solutions and some of them are more focused on configuration of servers. In common they offer software provisioning as well and a lot detailing in regards to micro-configuration of single applications running on the server.

The most common IaC software for Server Configuration might be Ansible, a YAML-based configuration management tool that uses an agentless architecture. It’s easy to set up and widely used for automating tasks like software provisioning and configuration management. Puppet, Chef and SaltStack are further alternatives and master-agent architecture-based.

Conclusion

Infrastructure as Code significantly enhances the development and maintenance of Cloud-based Data Infrastructures. From versioning your warehouse architecture and scaling resources according to real-time data needs, to facilitating team collaboration and ensuring security compliance, IaC serves as a foundational technology that brings agility, reliability, and cost-efficiency. As organizations continue to realize the importance of data-driven decision-making, leveraging IaC for cloud-based Data Warehouse Systems will likely become a best practice in data engineering and infrastructure management.

DATANOMIQ Cloud Architecture for Data Mesh - Process Mining, BI and Data Science Applications

Data Mesh Architecture on Cloud for BI, Data Science and Process Mining

July 23, 2023/in Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Business Analytics, Business Intelligence, Cloud, Data Engineering, Data Science, Machine Learning, Main Category, Predictive Analytics, Process Mining, Tool Introduction, Use Cases/by Benjamin Aunkofer

Companies use Business Intelligence (BI), Data Science, and Process Mining to leverage data for better decision-making, improve operational efficiency, and gain a competitive edge. BI provides real-time data analysis and performance monitoring, while Data Science enables a deep dive into dependencies in data with data mining and automates decision making with predictive analytics and personalized customer experiences. Process Mining offers process transparency, compliance insights, and process optimization. The integration of these technologies helps companies harness data for growth and efficiency.

Applications of BI, Data Science and Process Mining grow together

More and more all these disciplines are growing together as they need to be combined in order to get the best insights. So while Process Mining can be seen as a subpart of BI while both are using Machine Learning for better analytical results. Furthermore all theses analytical methods need more or less the same data sources and even the same datasets again and again.

Bring separate(d) applications together with Data Mesh

While all these analytical concepts grow together, they are often still seen as separated applications. There often remains the question of responsibility in a big organization. If this responsibility is decided as not being a central one, Data Mesh could be a solution.

Data Mesh is an architectural approach for managing data within organizations. It advocates decentralizing data ownership to domain-oriented teams. Each team becomes responsible for its Data Products, and a self-serve data infrastructure is established. This enables scalability, agility, and improved data quality while promoting data democratization.

In the context of a Data Mesh, a Data Product refers to a valuable dataset or data service that is managed and owned by a specific domain-oriented team within an organization. It is one of the key concepts in the Data Mesh architecture, where data ownership and responsibility are distributed across domain teams rather than centralized in a single data team.

A Data Product can take various forms, depending on the domain’s requirements and the data it manages. It could be a curated dataset, a machine learning model, an API that exposes data, a real-time data stream, a data visualization dashboard, or any other data-related asset that provides value to the organization.

However, successful implementation requires addressing cultural, governance, and technological aspects. One of this aspect is the cloud architecture for the realization of Data Mesh.

Example of a Data Mesh on Microsoft Azure Cloud using Databricks

The following image shows an example of a Data Mesh created and managed by DATANOMIQ for an organization which uses and re-uses datasets from various data sources (ERP, CRM, DMS, IoT,..) in order to provide the data as well as suitable data models as data products to applications of Data Science, Process Mining (Celonis, UiPath, Signavio & more) and Business Intelligence (Tableau, Power BI, Qlik & more).

Data Mesh on Azure Cloud with Databricks and Delta Lake for Applications of Business Intelligence, Data Science and Process Mining.

Microsoft Azure Cloud is favored by many companies, especially for European industrial companies, due to its scalability, flexibility, and industry-specific solutions. It offers robust IoT and edge computing capabilities, advanced data analytics, and AI services. Azure’s strong focus on security, compliance, and global presence, along with hybrid cloud capabilities and cost management tools, make it an ideal choice for industrial firms seeking to modernize, innovate, and improve efficiency. However, this concept on the Azure Cloud is just an example and can easily be implemented on the Google Cloud (GCP), Amazon Cloud (AWS) and now even on the SAP Cloud (Datasphere) using Databricks.

Databricks is an ideal tool for realizing a Data Mesh due to its unified data platform, scalability, and performance. It enables data collaboration and sharing, supports Delta Lake for data quality, and ensures robust data governance and security. With real-time analytics, machine learning integration, and data visualization capabilities, Databricks facilitates the implementation of a decentralized, domain-oriented data architecture we need for Data Mesh.

Furthermore there are also alternate architectures without Databricks but more cloud-specific resources possible, for Microsoft Azure e.g. using Azure Synapse instead. See this as an example which has many possible alternatives.

Summary – What value can you expect?

With the concept of Data Mesh you will be able to access all your organizational internal and external data sources once and provides the data as several data models for all your analytical applications. The data models are seen as data products with defined value, costs and ownership. Each applications has its own data model. While Data Science Applications have more raw data, BI applications get their well prepared star schema galaxy models, and Process Mining apps get normalized event logs. Using data sharing (in Databricks: Delta Sharing) data products or single datasets can be shared through applications and owners.

AI Platforms – A Comprehensive Guide

July 26, 2021/in Tool Introduction/by Jaimin Dave

A comprehensive guide compiled to introduce readers to AI platforms, their types, and benefits. A concluding section to discuss AI platform selection strategy with Attri’s Best of Breed approach to build AI platforms.

Don’t you think that this century is really fortunate? In my opinion, the answer is yes; we witnessed technological transformations and their miracles that created substantial changes in our lifestyle. While talking about these life-changing technological revolutions, AI or artificial intelligence deserves a front seat due to its incredible contribution and capabilities. Now everyone knows AI has limitless potential simply from creating funny faces in mobile to taking informed and intelligent business decisions. In the last 50 years, we have progressed by leaps and bounds to give machines the ability to understand, help and mimic us.

Artificial intelligence enables machines to imitate human intelligence across a variety of domains ranging from problem-solving and reasoning to General Intelligence and in-depth knowledge representation. With tremendous progress in AI, another enabler came into existence and received attention—AI platforms. AI-platform is a layer that integrates all the tools and processes required to build, deploy and monitor ML models. In this article, we shall go through the various aspects of AI platforms covering a range of topics like AI Platform types, the benefits such platforms entail, selection strategy in detail as well as a brief look into Attri’s industry contribution with an Open AI Platform.

Diving Deeper With AI Platforms

The AI Platform acts as a layer over your current AI infrastructure and integrates all the tools and processes required to develop ML models. It provides you the flexibility to integrate all your ML models under a single roof. With this flexibility, you can create and deploy several ML models over the platform. Further, you can even monitor these models to confirm that they are serving their intended purpose. AI platform makes your AI adoption easy by attaining the following requirements–

Use of vast data to develop ML solutions.
Ensure transparency and reproducibility within a project
Accelerate collaboration and governance within teams
Ensure scalability for ever-growing machine learning demands

An ideal AI platform should ensure the following features for better addressing different challenges.

Seamless access control: Ensure robust access control to team members in order to conquer the challenge of centralized data access with AI projects.
Excellent monitoring: Integrate top-notch observability practices while developing ML models.
Data and technology-agnostic integration: Seamless experience to enterprises with infrastructure set up responsibility handed over to platform providers
All-inclusive Platform: Single platform to facilitate all underlying tasks from data preparation to model deployment
Continuous Improvement: Ability to produce and deploy models as a reproducible package and thereby integrate changes with models that are already in production
Rapid Processing: Faster data preparation and powerful visual interfaces

AI Platform Classification

With loads of AI platform providers available in the market, AI platform classification becomes a tough job, as it requires thinking separately on each platform’s offerings, its features, and cost factors. Also, you need to check whether AI solutions are open source AI platforms or proprietary offerings.

We have decided to present an AI platform classification based on its striking features and offerings. With this, we have classified AI platforms across three main classes—

AI cloud-based platforms
AI conversational platforms
No code AI platforms

Cloud based AI Platforms

All major cloud providers offer cloud-based AI platforms to boost businesses with AI capabilities. With cloud AI platforms, enterprises can leverage cloud providers’ matchless technical expertise to overcome affordability and data requirement challenges associated with AI implementation. Cloud-based AI offerings benefit businesses with economic AI solutions, defined and pre-packaged services, lower risks, and modern technology.

Amazon Web Services

AWS offers a comprehensive set of AI solutions to conquer major hurdles in the AI adoption journey of businesses. AWS has been recognized as the topmost cloud AI partner with its broad capable portfolio. AWS pre-trained models cater to diverse use cases like forecasting, recommendations, computer vision, language interpretation, customer engagement, and safety for deploying ML models at scale. Amazon also provides text analytics, NLP, chatbots, and document analysis solutions. Fully managed AWS packages amplify your experience with minimum resource requirements and wizard-based friendly model development experience. Hence, AWS is one of the top cloud AI partners that cater to your AI adoption needs.

Google cloud

The Google Cloud Platform (GCP) is a Google offering for cloud-driven computing services devised to support multiple use cases such as hosting containerized applications, massive-scale data analytics platforms, and even applying ML and AI for business use cases. Google AI Platform is a Google Cloud offering that helps build, deploy and manage machine learning models in the cloud.

Google leverages enterprise AI experience through its consumer-facing products. Google helps improve customer satisfaction through Contact Center AI. Google offering DialogFlow CX is used to create advanced chatbots that handle customer messaging, response, and voice recognition. Digiflow is applied to create virtual agents for messaging services, mobile apps, and IoT devices.

Google’s Cloud Vision API is beneficial to recognize objects, logos, and landmarks within content or images. Google provides Natural Language API to bring more clarity in content classification, entities, syntax, and sentiments. Further, Google speech API helps in converting audio to text and recognizing 110 languages.

Google’s Cloud ML services facilitate better decision-making with end-to-end ML solutions. Google offers an all-inclusive ML development platform that enables effective decision-making backed by explainable AI, continuous evaluation, data labeling, pipelines, training, and what-if tool. This platform is based on the TensorFlow framework and it enables building predictive models for various scenarios.

Kubeflow is a Cloud-Native and open-source platform that helps you build portable ML pipelines that can be executed on-premises or on the cloud. With this, you can access Google technologies like TPUs, TensorFlow, and TFX tools as you deploy your ML models in production.

For expert ML developers, Google provides an Open Source AI platform with TensorFlow models that are trained for various scenarios. It offers an excellent prediction service using trained models.

Microsoft Azure

Similar to Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure ML capabilities are based on its real-time and live applications. Azure provides superior machine learning capabilities to develop, train, and deploy machine learning models through Azure Machine Learning, Azure Databricks, and ONNX.

Azure Machine Learning

A Python-based ML service to facilitate automated machine learning.

ONNX

An open-source model format enables machine learning through various frameworks and hardware platforms of the user’s choice.

Azure Cognitive Search

Formerly known as Azure Search,this is the only cloud search service that allows built-in AI capabilities to explore content effectively at scale. Microsoft empowers the user with cognitive search services like text analytics, translation, document analytics, custom vision, and Azure Machine Learning solutions.

IBM Cloud

IBM has brought Watson studio a data analysis application to accelerate innovation and ML-centric practices in business. IBM Cloud AI Platform offers 170 services with more emphasis on data-speech conversions and analytics. Watson Studio offers an all-inclusive suite to work with data and train, build and deploy ML models.

An innovative giant IBM also brought AI based learning platform recently to aid academic stakeholder like students, researchers and teachers.

AI Conversational Platforms

Conversational AI opens new doors for automated conversations between an enterprise and its customers. These conversations include messaging or voice-based communication platforms to enable text or audio-based conversation.

Conversational platforms leverage your customer experience with a range of applications such as follow-up, guidance, or the resolution of customer queries and round-the-clock support. These platforms are beneficial to drive more leads, increase conversions by cross-selling and upselling, promotional efforts, customer research, queries resolution and customer feedback handling, etc.

AI technology helps systems to mimic human conversations to a certain level and with great accuracy. An AI offering- Natural Language processing is used to shape these conversations by understanding intent, text, speech, and languages.

Intelligent Virtual Assistants

The intelligent virtual assistants represent an advanced level of Conversational AI and their discussion is incomplete without a mention to Siri and Alexa. Most popular intelligent virtual assistants include Siri by Apple, Alexa by Amazon, Google Assistant, and Bixby by Samsung. While Alexa performs as a voice assistant for the home, Siri and Bixby stand as mobile assistants with numerous operations support like navigation, text-to-speech, response to weather, quick reply, and address search.

SAP Conversational AI

SAP Conversational AI is one of the leading conversational AI platforms. With its friendly UI and multiple versioning, it offers a better experience of mimicking human conversations. SAP Conversational AI Platform uses NLP to facilitate developing chatbot that works more humanely and serves your customers 24*7. Its striking features include—

Simple integration
NLP capabilities
Analytics tools to help you
Multi-language support

Clinc

A powerful self-learning Conversational AI Platform enriched with NLP capabilities and machine learning. It secures top position in the Conversational AI Platform list due to its learning from previous conversations and improving responses over time. Its feature set include—

No technical expertise required
Self-learning abilities
NLP capabilities

Kore.ai

An enterprise-grade Conversational AI Platform to cater to your consumer as well as staff needs. It helps to build a virtual chatbot for any suitable platform without compromising the safety and security standards. Its major features cover—

The high degree of customization for chatbots
Comprehensive analytics with FAQs and alerts
Simple integration with ML models and channels
Flexible deployment
Supported with a multi-pronged NLP engine

Mindmeld

It is an excellent option as a Deep-Domain Conversational AI Platform with NLP capabilities. It can be used for both text-based and voice-based virtual assistants. This platform effectively caters to multiple industries and their numerous use cases. Check its striking features list—

Open-source platform
NLP capabilities
Supports discovering on-demand video or music
Quick chat-based transactions

No Code AI Platforms

As discussed above, AI platform classification necessitates platform considerations from various perspectives. We are introducing another category of AI platforms—No Code AI Platforms. The motivation behind introducing these platforms is to encourage enterprise AI adoption while keeping AI implementation costs low and minimizing dependencies on skilled professionals. Many IT giants are now offering no-code AI Platforms to enterprises for their AI adoption.

Google ML Kit

Google ML Kit comes with Android and iOS and it facilitates the integration of functions with lesser codes or with minimum knowledge of machine learning algorithms. This open source AI Platform supports different features such as text recognition, face detection, and landmark recognition.

RapidMiner Studio

RapidMiner Studio enables powerful data analytics with drag and drop features. Rapidminer Studio allows easy integration with databases, warehouses, social media for easy data access by authorized persons.

ML Platform Selection Strategy

Having discussed so many types of ML platforms, their features, and offerings, the next question is–how to select the best ML Platform for an enterprise AI adoption. Well, to answer this Million-Dollar question, we need to consider a few key aspects, such as

Who will use and benefit from the AI Platform? It is required to find out AI platform users here, the data science team, analytics team, developers, and how the platform will benefit each stakeholder.
The next aspect is to explore the skill levels of AI platform users, are they competent to handle ML development and analytics requirements with years of experience
Proficiency of users with programming languages
The next point in finalizing the AI platform strategy is to conclude code-first or code-free approaches to streamline AI workflows. This aspect can be studied by thinking about different attributes such as data preparation ease, feature engineering automation, ML algorithms, Model Deployment ease, and platform integration aspects.

Once you come up with answers to these queries, you will be able to finalize the best AI Platform Selection strategy for your enterprise. It can be a unique cloud platform, or even it can be a hybrid solution with a “best-of-breed” approach.

All-in-one platform strategy involves getting one end-to-end platform for the entire AI project lifecycle from raw data prep to ETL to building and operationalizing models followed by monitoring and governance of systems.

The best-of-breed approach allows using the preferred and custom tools for each phase of the lifecycle and aligning these tools together to build a customized platform solution for AI adoption.

This approach offers an excellent AI platform solution for organizations looking for flexible, inexpensive, change-oriented AI solutions and having a DIY spirit. With this mix-and-match approach, you can combine APIs offered by different cloud platforms and deliver AI solutions that cater to your AI use cases. Organizations using the best-of-breed approach are more comfortable with technology shifts with their abilities to use, adopt and swap out tools as requirement changes.

Business Process AI Transformation Simplified With Attri’s Open AI Platform

At Attri, we provide AI platform solutions to diverse industry verticals. With our flagship Open AI Platform, we heighten your AI adoption experience with a rich array of platform features like—

Customizable best-of-breed architecture
Utilize existing infrastructure
AI as a platform solution
Reduced effort in migrating to a new technology
Centralized Monitoring and Governance
Explainable and Responsible AI

We help you achieve your business process transformation goals with our unique AI offerings such as Open AI Platform and Open AI solutions.

Our AI platform assures multiple benefits to your enterprise while keeping AI adoptions costs low and ensuring faster AI implementations. We can summarize the benefits of Attri Open AI Platform as under–

No efforts in reinventing complete AI suites

Attri’s AI Platform integrates multiple AI services and eliminates the need for reinventing complete AI suites. The platform delights enterprises with scalability, the ability to reuse current infrastructure, and customizable architecture.

Accelerated Go To Market

Attri’s Open AI Platform ensures accelerated GTM with a sincere approach to testing, reviewing, and finalizing reference templates for different industries.

No vendor lock-in

With Open AI Platform, we bring client-friendly policies such as no vendor lock-in and flexibility to choose their preferred tools and technology.

High reliability

We keep our AI Platform highly reliable with a comprehensive testing approach. We also meet the growing requirements of enterprises by ensuring high scalability with our open AI platform.

Get connected with us for your enterprise AI adoption requirements.

Know more about our Open AI Platform…

How to make a toy English-German translator with multi-head attention heat maps: the overall architecture of Transformer

May 10, 2021/in Artificial Intelligence, Data Mining, Data Science, Data Science Hack, Deep Learning, Insights, Machine Learning, Main Category, Python, Python, TensorFlow, Tools, Tutorial/by Yasuto Tamura

If you have been patient enough to read the former articles of this article series Instructions on Transformer for people outside NLP field, but with examples of NLP, you should have already learned a great deal of Transformer model, and I hope you gained a solid foundation of learning theoretical sides on this algorithm.

This article is going to focus more on practical implementation of a transformer model. We use codes in the Tensorflow official tutorial. They are maintained well by Google, and I think it is the best practice to use widely known codes.

The figure below shows what I have explained in the articles so far. Depending on your level of understanding, you can go back to my former articles. If you are familiar with NLP with deep learning, you can start with the third article.

1 The datasets

I think this article series appears to be on NLP, and I do believe that learning Transformer through NLP examples is very effective. But I cannot delve into effective techniques of processing corpus in each language. Thus we are going to use a library named BPEmb. This library enables you to encode any sentences in various languages into lists of integers. And conversely you can decode lists of integers to the language. Thanks to this library, we do not have to do simplification of alphabets, such as getting rid of Umlaut.

*Actually, I am studying in computer vision field, so my codes would look elementary to those in NLP fields.

The official Tensorflow tutorial makes a Portuguese-English translator, but in article we are going to make an English-German translator. Basically, only the codes below are my original. As I said, this is not an article on NLP, so all you have to know is that at every iteration you get a batch of (64, 41) sized tensor as the source sentences, and a batch of (64, 42) tensor as corresponding target sentences. 41, 42 are respectively the maximum lengths of the input or target sentences, and when input sentences are shorter than them, the rest positions are zero padded, as you can see in the codes below.

*If you just replace datasets and modules for encoding, you can make translators of other pairs of languages.

We are going to train a seq2seq-like Transformer model of converting those list of integers, thus a mapping from a vector to another vector. But each word, or integer is encoded as an embedding vector, so virtually the Transformer model is going to learn a mapping from sequence data to another sequence data. Let’s formulate this into a bit more mathematics-like way: when we get a pair of sequence data $\boldsymbol{X} =$ $(\boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}, \dots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(\tau _x)})$ and $\boldsymbol{Y} =$ $(\boldsymbol{y}^{(1)}, \dots, \boldsymbol{y}^{(\tau _y)})$ , where $\boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} \in \mathbb{R}^{|\mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{X}}|}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} \in \mathbb{R}^{|\mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{Y}}|}$ , respectively from English and German corpus, then we learn a mapping $f: \boldsymbol{X} \to \boldsymbol{Y}$ .

*In this implementation the vocabulary sizes are both $10002$ . Thus $|\mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{X}}|=|\mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{Y}}|=10002$

2 The whole architecture

This article series has covered most of components of Transformer model, but you might not understand how seq2seq-like models can be constructed with them. It is very effective to understand how transformer is constructed by actually reading or writing codes, and in this article we are finally going to construct the whole architecture of a Transforme translator, following the Tensorflow official tutorial. At the end of this article, you would be able to make a toy English-German translator.

The implementation is mainly composed of 4 classes, EncoderLayer(), Encoder(), DecoderLayer(), and Decoder() class. The inclusion relations of the classes are displayed in the figure below.

To be more exact in a seq2seq-like model with Transformer, the encoder and the decoder are connected like in the figure below. The encoder part keeps converting input sentences in the original language through $N$ layers. The decoder part also keeps converting the inputs in the target languages, also through $N$ layers, but it receives the output of the final layer of the Encoder at every layer.

You can see how the Encoder() class and the Decoder() class are combined in Transformer in the codes below. If you have used Tensorflow or Pytorch to some extent, the codes below should not be that hard to read.

3 The encoder

*From now on “sentences” do not mean only the input tokens in natural language, but also the reweighted and concatenated “values,” which I repeatedly explained in explained in the former articles. By the end of this section, you will see that Transformer repeatedly converts sentences layer by layer, remaining the shape of the original sentence.

I have explained multi-head attention mechanism in the third article, precisely, and I explained positional encoding and masked multi-head attention in the last article. Thus if you have read them and have ever written some codes in Tensorflow or Pytorch, I think the codes of Transformer in the official Tensorflow tutorial is not so hard to read. What is more, you do not use CNNs or RNNs in this implementation. Basically all you need is linear transformations. First of all let’s see how the EncoderLayer() and the Encoder() classes are implemented in the codes below.

You might be confused what “Feed Forward” means in this article or the original paper on Transformer. The original paper says this layer is calculated as $FFN(x) =$ $max(0, xW_1 + b_1)W_2 +b_2$ . In short you stack two fully connected layers and activate it with a ReLU function. Let’s see how point_wise_feed_forward_network() function works in the implementation with some simple codes. As you can see from the number of parameters in each layer of the position wise feed forward neural network, the network does not depend on the length of the sentences.

From the number of parameters of the position-wise feed forward neural networks, you can see that you share the same parameters over all the positions of the sentences. That means in the figure above, you use the same densely connected layers at all the positions, in single layer. But you also have to keep it in mind that parameters for position-wise feed-forward networks change from layer to layer. That is also true of “Layer” parts in Transformer model, including the output part of the decoder: there are no learnable parameters which cover over different positions of tokens. These facts lead to one very important feature of Transformer: the number of parameters does not depend on the length of input or target sentences. You can offset the influences of the length of sentences with multi-head attention mechanisms. Also in the decoder part, you can keep the shape of sentences, or reweighted values, layer by layer, which is expected to enhance calculation efficiency of Transformer models.

4, The decoder

The structures of DecoderLayer() and the Decoder() classes are quite similar to those of EncoderLayer() and the Encoder() classes, so if you understand the last section, you would not find it hard to understand the codes below. What you have to care additionally in this section is inter-language multi-head attention mechanism. In the third article I was repeatedly explaining multi-head self attention mechanism, taking the input sentence “Anthony Hopkins admired Michael Bay as a great director.” as an example. However, as I explained in the second article, usually in attention mechanism, you compare sentences with the same meaning in two languages. Thus the decoder part of Transformer model has not only self-attention multi-head attention mechanism of the target sentence, but also an inter-language multi-head attention mechanism. That means, In case of translating from English to German, you compare the sentence “Anthony Hopkins hat Michael Bay als einen großartigen Regisseur bewundert.” with the sentence itself in masked multi-head attention mechanism (, just as I repeatedly explained in the third article). On the other hand, you compare “Anthony Hopkins hat Michael Bay als einen großartigen Regisseur bewundert.” with “Anthony Hopkins admired Michael Bay as a great director.” in the inter-language multi-head attention mechanism (, just as you can see in the figure above).

*The “inter-language multi-head attention mechanism” is my original way to call it.

I briefly mentioned how you calculate the inter-language multi-head attention mechanism in the end of the third article, with some simple codes, but let’s see that again, with more straightforward figures. If you understand my explanation on multi-head attention mechanism in the third article, the inter-language multi-head attention mechanism is nothing difficult to understand. In the multi-head attention mechanism in encoder layers, “queries”, “keys”, and “values” come from the same sentence in English, but in case of inter-language one, only “keys” and “values” come from the original sentence, and “queries” come from the target sentence. You compare “queries” in German with the “keys” in the original sentence in English, and you re-weight the sentence in English. You use the re-weighted English sentence in the decoder part, and you do not need look-ahead mask in this inter-language multi-head attention mechanism.

Just as well as multi-head self-attention, you can calculate inter-language multi-head attention mechanism as follows: $softmax(\frac{\boldsymbol{Q} \boldsymbol{K} ^T}{\sqrt{d}_k})$ . In the example above, the resulting multi-head attention map is a $10 \times 9$ matrix like in the figure below.

Once you keep the points above in you mind, the implementation of the decoder part should not be that hard.

5 Masking tokens in practice

I explained masked-multi-head attention mechanism in the last article, and the ideas itself is not so difficult. However in practice this is implemented in a little tricky way. You might have realized that the size of input matrices is fixed so that it fits the longest sentence. That means, when the maximum length of the input sentences is 41, even if the sentences in a batch have less than 41 tokens, you sample (64, 41) sized tensor as a batch every time (The 64 is a batch size). Let “Anthony Hopkins admired Michael Bay as a great director.”, which has 9 tokens in total, be an input. We have been considering calculating (9, 9) sized attention maps or (10, 9) sized attention maps, but in practice you use (41, 41) or (42, 41) sized ones. When it comes to calculating self attentions in the encoder part, you zero pad self attention maps with encoder padding masks, like in the figure below. The black dots denote the zero valued elements.

As you can see in the codes below, encode padding masks are quite simple. You just multiply the padding masks with -1e9 and add them to attention maps and apply a softmax function. Thereby you can zero-pad the columns in the positions/columns where you added -1e9 to.

I explained look ahead mask in the last article, and in practice you combine normal padding masks and look ahead masks like in the figure below. You can see that you can compare each token with only its previous tokens. For example you can compare “als” only with “Anthony”, “Hopkins”, “hat”, “Michael”, “Bay”, “als”, not with “einen”, “großartigen”, “Regisseur” or “bewundert.”

Decoder padding masks are almost the same as encoder one. You have to keep it in mind that you zero pad positions which surpassed the length of the source input sentence.

6 Decoding process

In the last section we have seen that we can zero-pad columns, but still the rows are redundant. However I guess that is not a big problem because you decode the final output in the direction of the rows of attention maps. Once you decode <end> token, you stop decoding. The redundant rows would not affect the decoding anymore.

This decoding process is similar to that of seq2seq models with RNNs, and that is why you need to hide future tokens in the self-multi-head attention mechanism in the decoder. You share the same densely connected layers followed by a softmax function, at all the time steps of decoding. Transformer has to learn how to decode only based on the words which have appeared so far.

According to the original paper, “We also modify the self-attention sub-layer in the decoder stack to prevent positions from attending to subsequent positions. This masking, combined with fact that the output embeddings are offset by one position, ensures that the predictions for position $i$ can depend only on the known outputs at positions less than $i$ .” After these explanations, I think you understand the part more clearly.

The codes blow is for the decoding part. You can see that you first start decoding an output sentence with a sentence composed of only <start>, and you decide which word to decoded, step by step.

*It easy to imagine that this decoding procedure is not the best. In reality you have to consider some possibilities of decoding, and you can do that with beam search decoding.

After training this English-German translator for 30 epochs you can translate relatively simple English sentences into German. I displayed some results below, with heat maps of multi-head attention. Each colored attention maps corresponds to each head of multi-head attention. The examples below are all from the fourth (last) layer, but you can visualize maps in any layers. When it comes to look ahead attention, naturally only the lower triangular part of the maps is activated.

This article series has not covered some important topics machine translation, for example how to calculate translation errors. Actually there are many other fascinating topics related to machine translation. For example beam search decoding, which consider some decoding possibilities, or other topics like how to handle proper nouns such as “Anthony” or “Hopkins.” But this article series is not on NLP. I hope you could effectively learn the architecture of Transformer model with examples of languages so far. And also I have not explained some details of training the network, but I will not cover that because I think that depends on tasks. The next article is going to be the last one of this series, and I hope you can see how Transformer is applied in computer vision fields, in a more “linguistic” manner.

But anyway we have finally made it. In this article series we have seen that one of the earliest computers was invented to break Enigma. And today we can quickly make a more or less accurate translator on our desk. With Transformer models, you can even translate deadly funny jokes into German.

*You can train a translator with this code.

*After training a translator, you can translate English sentences into German with this code.

[References]

[1] Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, Illia Polosukhin, “Attention Is All You Need” (2017)

[2] “Transformer model for language understanding,” Tensorflow Core
https://www.tensorflow.org/overview

[3] Jay Alammar, “The Illustrated Transformer,”
http://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/

[4] “Stanford CS224N: NLP with Deep Learning | Winter 2019 | Lecture 14 – Transformers and Self-Attention,” stanfordonline, (2019)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vcj8kSwBCY

[5]Tsuboi Yuuta, Unno Yuuya, Suzuki Jun, “Machine Learning Professional Series: Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning,” (2017), pp. 91-94
坪井祐太、海野裕也、鈴木潤著, 「機械学習プロフェッショナルシリーズ深層学習による自然言語処理」, (2017), pp. 191-193

* I make study materials on machine learning, sponsored by DATANOMIQ. I do my best to make my content as straightforward but as precise as possible. I include all of my reference sources. If you notice any mistakes in my materials, including grammatical errors, please let me know (email: yasuto.tamura@datanomiq.de). And if you have any advice for making my materials more understandable to learners, I would appreciate hearing it.

Artikelserie: BI Tools im Vergleich – Datengrundlage

December 6, 2019/in Business Analytics, Business Intelligence, Experience, Tool Introduction, Tools, Visualization/by Klaudius Kostow

Dieser Artikel wird als Fortsetzung des ersten Artikels, einer Artikelserie zu BI Tools, die Datengrundlage erläutern.

Als Datengrundlage sollen die Trainingsdaten – AdventureWorks 2017 – von Microsoft dienen und Ziel soll es sein, ein möglichst gleiches Dashboard in jedem dieser Tools zu erstellen.

Bei der Datenbasis handelt es sich bereits um ein relationales Datenbankmodel mit strukturierten Daten, welches als Datei-Typ .bak zur Verfügung steht. Die Daten sind bereits bereinigt und normalisiert, sowie bestehen auch bereits Beziehungen zwischen den Tabellen. Demnach fallen sowohl aufwendige Datenbereinigungen weg, als auch der Aufbau eines relationalen Datenmodells im Dashboard. In den meisten Tools ist beides möglich, wenn auch nicht das optimale Programm. Vor allem sollte vermieden werden Datenbereinigungen in BI Tools vorzunehmen. Alle Tools bieten einem die Möglichkeit strukturierte und unstrukturierte Daten aus verschiedensten Datenquellen zu importieren. Die Datenquelle wird SQL Server von Microsoft sein, da die .bak Datei nicht direkt in die meisten Dashboards geladen werden kann und zudem auf Grund der Datenmenge ein kompletter Import auch nicht ratsam ist. Aus Gründen der Performance sollten nur die für das Dashboard relevanten Daten importiert werden. Für den Vergleich werden 15 von insgesamt 71 Tabellen importiert, um Visualisierungen für wesentliche Geschäftskennzahlen aufzubauen. Die obere Grafik zeigt das Entity-Relationship-Modell (ERM) zu den relevanten Tabellen. Die Datengrundlage eignet sich sehr gut für tiefer gehende Analysen und bietet zugleich ein großes Potential für sehr ausgefallene Visualisierungen. Im Fokus dieser Artikelserie soll aber nicht die Komplexität der Grafiken, sondern die allgemeine Handhabbarkeit stehen. Allgemein besteht die Gefahr, dass die Kernaussagen eines Reports in den Hintergrund rücken bei der Verwendung von zu komplexen Visualisierungen, welche lediglich der Ästhetik dienlich sind.

Eine Beschränkung soll gelten: So soll eine Manipulation von Daten lediglich in den Dashboards selbst vorgenommen werden. Bedeutet das keine Tabellen in SQL Server geändert oder Views erstellt werden. Gehen wir einfach Mal davon aus, dass der Data Engineer Haare auf den Zähnen hat und die Zuarbeit in jeglicher Art und Weise verwehrt wird.

Also ganz nach dem Motto: Help yourself! 😉

Daten zum Üben gibt es etliche. Einfach Mal Github, Kaggle oder andere Open Data Quellen anzapfen. Falls ihr Lust habt, dann probiert euch doch selber einmal an den Dashboards. Ihr solltet ein wenig Zeit mitbringen, aber wenn man erstmal drin ist macht es viel Spaß und es gibt immer etwas neues zu entdecken! Das erste Dashboard und somit die Fortsetzung dieser Artikelserie wird Power BI als Grundlage haben.

Hier ein paar Links um euch startklar zu machen, falls das Interesse in euch geweckt wurde.

Dataset: AdventureWorks 2017

MS SQL Server

MS SSMS

MS Power BI (Desktop)

Artikelserie: BI Tools im Vergleich – Einführung und Motivation

December 2, 2019/in Business Analytics, Business Intelligence, Experience, Tool Introduction, Tools, Visualization/by Klaudius Kostow

„Mit welchem BI-Tool arbeitest du am liebsten?“ Mit dieser Frage werde ich dieser Tage oft konfrontiert. Meine klassische Antwort und eine typische Beraterantwort: „Es kommt darauf an.“ Nach einem Jahr als Berater sitzt diese Antwort sicher, aber gerade in diesem Fall auch begründet. Auf den Analytics und Business Intelligence Markt drängen jedes Jahr etliche neue Dashboard-Anbieter und die etablierten erweitern Services und Technik in rasantem Tempo. Zudem sind die Anforderungen an ein BI-Tool höchst unterschiedlich und von vielen Faktoren abhängig. Meine Perspektive, also die Anwenderperspektive eines Entwicklers, ist ein Faktor und auch der Kern dieser Artikelserie. Um die Masse an Tools auf eine machbare Anzahl runter zu brechen werde ich die bekanntesten Tools im Vergleich ausprobieren und hier vorstellen. Die Aufgabe ist also schnell erklärt: Ein Dashboard mit den gleichen Funktionen und Aussagen in unterschiedlichen Tools erstellen. Im Folgenden werde ich auch ein paar Worte zur Bewertungsgrundlage und zur Datengrundlage verlieren.

Erstmal kurz zu mir: Wie bereits erwähnt arbeite ich seit einem Jahr als Berater, genauer als Data Analyst in einem BI-Consulting Unternehmen namens DATANOMIQ. Bereits davor habe ich mich auf der anderen Seite der Macht, quasi als Kunde eines Beraters, viel mit Dashboards beschäftigt. Aber erst in dem vergangenen Jahr wurde mir die Fülle an BI Tools bewusst und der Lerneffekt war riesig. Die folgende Grafik zeigt alle Tools welche ich in der Artikelserie vorstellen möchte.

Gartner’s Magic Quadrant for Analytics and Business Intelligence Platform führt jedes Jahr eine Portfolioanalyse über die visionärsten und bedeutendsten BI-Tools durch, unter der genannten befindet sich nur eines, welches nicht in dieser Übersicht geführt wird, ich jedoch als potenziellen Newcomer für die kommenden Jahre erwarte. Trotz mittlerweile einigen Jahren Erfahrung gibt es noch reichlich Potential nach oben und viel Neues zu entdecken, gerade in einem so direkten Vergleich. Also seht mich ruhig als fortgeschrittenen BI-Analyst, der für sich herausfinden will, welche Tools aus Anwendersicht am besten geeignet sind und vielleicht kann ich dem ein oder anderen auch ein paar nützliche Tipps mit auf den Weg geben.

Was ist eigentlich eine „Analytical and Business Intelligence Platform“?

Für alle, die komplett neu im Thema sind, möchte ich erklären, was eine Analytical and Business Intelligence Platform in diesem Kontext ist und warum wir es nachfolgend auch einfach als BI-Tool bezeichnen können. Es sind Softwarelösungen zur Generierung von Erkenntnissen mittels Visualisierung und Informationsintegration von Daten. Sie sollten einfach handhabbar sein, weil der Nutzer für die Erstellung von Dashboards keine speziellen IT-Kenntnisse mitbringen muss und das Userinterface der jeweiligen Software einen mehr oder minder gut befähigt die meisten Features zu nutzen. Die meisten und zumindest die oben genannten lassen sich aber auch um komplexere Anwendungen und Programmiersprachen erweitern. Zudem bestimmt natürlich auch der Use Case den Schwierigkeitsgrad der Umsetzung.

Cloudbasierte BI Tools sind mittlerweile der Standard und folgen dem allgemeinen Trend. Die klassische Desktop-Version wird aber ebenfalls von den meisten angeboten. Von den oben genannten haben lediglich Data Studio und Looker keine Desktop- Version. Für den einfachen User macht das keinen großen Unterschied, welche Version man nutzt. Aber für das Unternehmen in Gesamtheit ist es ein wesentlicher Entscheidungsfaktor für die Wahl der Software und auch auf den Workflow des Developers bzw. BI-Analyst kann sich das auswirken.

Unternehmensperspektive: Strategie & Struktur

Die Unternehmensstrategie setzt einen wesentlichen Rahmen zur Entwicklung einer Datenstrategie worunter auch ein anständiges Konzept zur Data Governance gehört.

Ein wesentlicher Punkt der Datenstrategie ist die Verteilung der BI- und Datenkompetenz im Unternehmen. An der Entwicklung der Dashboards arbeiten in der Regel zwei Parteien, der Developer, der im Unternehmen meistens die Bezeichnung BI- oder Data Analyst hat, und der Stakeholder, also einzelner User oder die User ganzer Fachabteilungen.

Prognose: Laut Gartner wird die Anzahl der Daten- und Analyse-Experten in den Fachabteilungen, also die Entwickler und Benutzer von BI Tools, drei Mal so schnell wachsen verglichen mit dem bereits starken Wachstum an IT-Fachkräften.

Nicht selten gibt es für ein Dashboard mehrere Stakeholder verschiedener Abteilungen. Je nach Organisation und Softwarelösung mit unterschiedlich weitreichenden Verantwortlichkeiten, was die Entwicklung eines Dashboards an geht.

Die obige Grafik zeigt die wesentlichen Prozessschritte von der Konzeption bis zum fertigen Dashboard und drei oft gelebte Konzepte zur Verteilung der Aufgaben zwischen dem User und dem Developer. Natürlich handelt es sich fast immer um einen iterativen Prozess und am Ende stellen sich auch positive Nebenerkenntnisse heraus. Verschiedene Tools unterstützen durch Ihre Konfiguration und Features verschiedene Ansätze zur Aufgabenverteilung, auch wenn mit jedem Tool fast jedes System gelebt werden kann, provozieren einige Tools mit ihrem logischen Aufbau und dem Lizenzmodell zu einer bestimmten Organisationsform. Looker zum Beispiel verkauft mit der Software das Konzept, dem User eine größere Möglichkeit zu geben, das Dashboard in Eigenregie zu bauen und gleichzeitig die Datenhoheit an den richtigen Stellen zu gewährleisten (mittlerer Balken in der Grafik). Somit wird dem User eine höhere Verantwortung übertragen und weit mehr Kompetenzen müssen vermittelt werden, da der Aufbau von Visualisierung ebenfalls Fehlerpotential in sich birgt. Ein Full‑Service hingegen unterstützt das Konzept fast aller Tools durch Zuweisen von Berechtigungen. Teilweise werden aber gewisse kostenintensive Features nicht genutzt oder auf Cloud-Lizenzen verzichtet, so dass jeder Mitarbeiter unabhängig auf einer eigenen Desktop-Version arbeitet, am Ende dann leider die Single Source of Truth nicht mehr gegeben ist. Denn das führt eigentlich gezwungenermaßen dazu, dass die User sich aus x beliebigen Datentöpfen bedienen, ungeschultes Personal falsche Berechnungen anstellt und am Ende die unterschiedlichen Abteilungen sich mit schlichtweg falschen KPIs überbieten. Das spricht meistens für ein Unternehmen ohne vollumfängliches Konzept für Data Governance bzw. einer fehlenden Datenstrategie.

Zu dem Thema könnte man einen Roman schreiben und um euch diesen zu ersparen, möchte ich kurz die wichtigsten Fragestellungen aus Unternehmensperspektive aufzählen, ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit:

Wann wird ein Return on Invest (ROI) realisiert werden?
Wie hoch ist mein Budget für BI-Lösungen?
Sollen die Mitarbeiter mit BI-Kompetenz zentral oder dezentral organisiert sein?
Wie ist meine Infrastruktur aufgebaut? Cloudbasiert oder on Premise?
Soll der Stakeholder/User Zeit-Ressourcen für den Aufbau von Dashboards erhalten?
Über welche Skills verfügen die Mitarbeiter bereits?
Welche Autorisierung in Bezug auf die Datensichtbarkeit und -manipulation haben die jeweiligen Mitarbeiter der Fachabteilungen?
Bedarf an Dashboards: Wie häufig werden diese benötigt und wie oft werden bestehende Dashboards angepasst?
Kann die Data Exploration durch den Stakeholder/User einen signifikanten Mehrwert liefern?
Werden Dashboards in der Regel für mehrere Stakeholder gebaut?

Die Entscheidung für die Wahl eines Dashboards ist nicht nur davon abhängig, wie sich die Grafiken von links nach rechts schieben lassen, sondern es handelt sich auch um eine wichtige strategische Frage aus Unternehmersicht.

Ein Leitsatz hierbei sollte lauten:
Die Strategie des Unternehmens bestimmt die Anforderungen an das Tool und nicht andersrum!

Perspektive eines Entwicklers: Bewertungsgrundlage der Tools

So jetzt Mal Butter bei die Fische und ab zum Kern des Artikels. Jeder der Artikel wird aus den folgenden Elementen bestehen:

Das Tool:
- Daten laden
- Daten transformieren
- Daten visualisieren
- Zukunftsfähigkeit am Beispiel von Pythonintegration
- Handhabbarkeit
Umweltfaktoren:
- Community
- Dokumentation
- Features anderer Entwickler(-firmen) zur Erweiterung
- Lizenzmodell
  - Cloud (SaaS) ODER on premise Lizenzen?
  - Preis (pro Lizenz, Unternehmenslizenz etc.)
  - Freie Version

Im Rahmen dieser Artikelserie erscheinen im Laufe der kommenden Monate folgende Artikel zu den Reviews der BI-Tools:

Power BI von Microsoft
Tableau
Qlik Sense
MicroStrategy (erscheint demnächst)
Looker (erscheint demnächst)

Über einen vorausgehend veröffentlichten Artikel wird die Datengrundlage erläutert, die für alle Reviews gemeinsam verwendet wird: Vorstellung der Datengrundlage

Big Data Essentials – Intro

November 14, 2017/in Big Data, Data Science, Data Science Hack, Data Science News, Data Warehousing, Database, Datacenter, Hadoop Framework, Java, Main Category, NoSQL, Tool Introduction/by Ahmed Abdeljaoued

1. Big Data Definition

Data umfasst Nummern, Text, Bilder, Audio, Video und jede Art von Informationen die in Ihrem Computer gespeichert werden können. Big Data umfasst Datenmengen, die eine oder mehrere der folgenden Eigenschaften aufweisen: Hohes Volumen (High Volume), hohe Vielfalt (High Variety) und / oder eine notwendige hohe Geschwindigkeit (High Velocity) zur Auswertung. Diese drei Eigenschaften werden oft auch als die 3V’s von Big Data bezeichnet.

1.1. Volumen: Menge der erzeugten Daten

Volumen bezieht sich auf die Menge der generierten Daten. Traditionelle Datenanalysemodelle erfordern typischerweise Server mit großen Speicherkapazitäten, bei massiver Rechenleistung sind diese Modelle nicht gut skalierbar. Um die Rechenleistung zu erhöhen, müssen Sie weiter investieren, möglicherweise auch in teurere proprietäre Hardware. Die NASA ist eines von vielen Unternehmen, die enorme Mengen an Daten sammeln. Ende 2014 sammelte die NASA alle paar Sekunden etwa 1,73 GB an Daten. Und auch dieser Betrag der Datenansammlung steigt an, so dass die Datenerfassung entsprechend exponentiell mitwachsen muss. Es resultieren sehr hohe Datenvolumen und es kann schwierig sein, diese zu speichern.

1.2. Vielfalt: Unterschiedliche Arten von Daten

Das traditionelle Datenmodell (ERM) erfordert die Entwicklung eines Schemas, das die Daten in ein Korsett zwingt. Um das Schema zu erstellen, muss man das Format der Daten kennen, die gesammelt werden. Daten können wie XML-Dateien strukturiert sein, halb strukturiert wie E-Mails oder unstrukturiert wie Videodateien.

Wikipedia – als Beispiel – enthält mehr als nur Textdaten, es enthält Hyperlinks, Bilder, Sound-Dateien und viele andere Datentypen mit mehreren verschiedenen Arten von Daten. Insbesondere unstrukturierte Daten haben eine große Vielfalt. Es kann sehr schwierig sein, diese Vielfalt in einem Datenmodell zu beschreiben.

1.3. Geschwindigkeit: Geschwindigkeit, mit der Daten genutzt werden

Traditionelle Datenanalysemodelle wurden für die Stapelverarbeitung (batch processing) entwickelt. Sie sammeln die gesamte Datenmenge und verarbeiten sie, um sie in die Datenbank zu speichern. Erst mit einer Echtzeitanalyse der Daten kann schnell auf Informationen reagiert werden. Beispielsweise können Netzwerksensoren, die mit dem Internet der Dinge (IoT) verbunden sind, tausende von Datenpunkten pro Sekunde erzeugen. Im Gegensatz zu Wikipedia, deren Daten später verarbeitet werden können, müssen Daten von Smartphones und anderen Netzwerkteilnehmern mit entsprechender Sensorik in Echtzeit verarbeitet werden.

2. Geschichte von Big Data

2.1. Google Solution

Google File System speichert die Daten, Bigtable organisiert die Daten und MapReduce verarbeitet es.
Diese Komponenten arbeiten zusammen auf einer Sammlung von Computern, die als Cluster bezeichnet werden.
Jeder einzelne Computer in einem Cluster wird als Knoten bezeichnet.

2.2 Google File System

Das Google File System (GFS) teilt Daten in Stücke ‚Chunks’ auf. Diese ‚Chunks’ werden verteilt und auf verschiedene Knoten in einem Cluster nachgebildet. Der Vorteil ist nicht nur die mögliche parallele Verarbeitung bei der späteren Analysen, sondern auch die Datensicherheit. Denn die Verteilung und die Nachbildung schützen vor Datenverlust.

2.3. Bigtable

Bigtable ist ein Datenbanksystem, das GFS zum Speichern und Abrufen von Daten verwendet. Trotz seines Namens ist Bigtable nicht nur eine sehr große Tabelle. Bigtable ordnet die Datenspeicher mit einem Zeilenschlüssel, einem Spaltenschlüssel und einem Zeitstempel zu. Auf diese Weise können dieselben Informationen über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg erfasst werden, ohne dass bereits vorhandene Einträge überschrieben werden. Die Zeilen sind dann in den Untertabellen partitioniert, die über einem Cluster verteilt sind. Bigtable wurde entwickelt, um riesige Datenmengen zu bewältigen, mit der Möglichkeit, neue Einträge zum Cluster hinzuzufügen, ohne dass eine der vorhandenen Dateien neu konfiguriert werden muss.

2.4. MapReduce

Als dritter Teil des Puzzles wurde ein Parallelverarbeitungsparadigma namens MapReduce genutzt, um die bei GFS gespeicherten Daten zu verarbeiten. Der Name MapReduce wird aus den Namen von zwei Schritten im Prozess übernommen. Obwohl der Mapreduce-Prozess durch Apache Hadoop berühmt geworden ist, ist das kaum eine neue Idee. In der Tat können viele gängige Aufgaben wie Sortieren und Falten von Wäsche als Beispiele für den MapReduce- Prozess betrachtet werden.

Quadratische Funktion:

wendet die gleiche Logik auf jeden Wert an, jeweils einen Wert
gibt das Ergebnis für jeden Wert aus
(map square'(1 2 3 4)) = (1 4 9 16)

Additionsfunktion

wendet die gleiche Logik auf alle Werte an, die zusammen genommen werden.
(reduce + ‘(1 4 9 16)) = 30

Die Namen Map und Reduce können bei der Programmierung mindestens bis in die 70er-Jahre zurückverfolgt werden. In diesem Beispiel sieht man, wie die Liste das MapReduce-Modell verwendet. Zuerst benutzt man Map der Quadratfunktion auf einer Eingangsliste für die Quadratfunktion, da sie abgebildet ist, alle angelegten Eingaben und erzeugt eine einzige Ausgabe pro Eingabe, in diesem Fall (1, 4, 9 und 16). Additionsfunktion reduziert die Liste und erzeugt eine einzelne Ausgabe von 30, der die Summe aller Eingänge ist.

Google nutzte die Leistung von MapReduce, um einen Suchmaschinen-Markt zu dominieren. Das Paradigma kam in der 19. Websearch-Engine zum Einsatz und etablierte sich innerhalb weniger Jahre und ist bis heute noch relevant. Google verwendete MapReduce auf verschiedene Weise, um die Websuche zu verbessern. Es wurde verwendet, um den Seiteninhalt zu indexieren und ein Ranking über die Relevant einer Webseite zu berechnen.

map(String key, String value):

//key: document name

//value: document contents

for each word w in value:

EmitIntermediate(w,"1");

reduce(String key, Iterator values):

//key: a word

//values: a list of counts

int result = 0;

for each v in values:

result += ParseInt(v);

Emit(AsString(result));

Dieses Beispiel zeigt uns den MapReduce-Algorithmus, mit dem Google Wordcount auf Webseiten ausführte. Die Map-Methode verwendet als Eingabe einen Schlüssel (key) und einen Wert, wobei der Schlüssel den Namen des Dokuments darstellt und der Wert der Kontext dieses Dokuments ist. Die Map-Methode durchläuft jedes Wort im Dokument und gibt es als Tuple zurück, die aus dem Wort und dem Zähler 1 besteht.

Die Reduce-Methode nimmt als Eingabe auch einen Schlüssel und eine Liste von Werten an, in der der Schlüssel ein Wort darstellt. Die Liste von Werten ist die Liste von Zählungen dieses Worts. In diesem Beispiel ist der Wert 1. Die Methode “Reduce” durchläuft alle Zählungen. Wenn die Schleife beendet ist, um die Methode zu reduzieren, wird sie als Tuple zurückgegeben, die aus dem Wort und seiner Gesamtanzahl besteht.

A quick primer on TensorFlow – Google’s machine learning workhorse

November 12, 2015/in Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Data Science, Data Science News, Gerneral, Machine Learning/by Dr. Robert Suhada

Introducing Google Brains‘ TensorFlow™

This week started with major news for the machine learning and data science community: the Google Brain Team announced the open sourcing of TensorFlow, their numerical library for tensor network computations. This software is actively developed (and used!) within Google and builds on many of Google’s large scale neural network applications such as automatic image labeling and captioning as well as the speech recognition in Google’s apps.

TensorFlow in bullet points

Here are the main features:

Supports deep neural networks – and much more machine learning approaches
Highly scalable across many machines and huge data sets
Runs on desktops, servers, in cloud and even mobile devices
Computation can run on CPUs, GPUs or both
All this flexibility is covered by a single API making the execution very streamlined
Available interfaces: C++ and Python. More will follow (Java, R, Lua, Go…)
Comes with many tools helping to build and visualize the data flow networks
Includes a powerful gradient based optimizer with auto-differentiation
Extensible with C++
Usable for commercial applications – released under Apache Software Licence 2.0

Tensor, what? Tensor, why?

„Numerical library for tensor network computations“ maybe doesn’t sound too exciting, but let’s consider the implications.

Application of tensors and their networks is a relatively new (but fast evolving) approach in machine learning. Tensors, if you recall your algebra classes, are simply n-dimensional data arrays (so a scalar is a 0th order tensor, a vector is 1st order, and a matrix a 2nd order matrix).

A simple practical example of is color image’s RGB layers (essentially three 2D matrices combined into a 3rd order tensor). Or a more business minded example – if your data source generates a table (a 2D array) every hour, you can look at the full data set as a 3rd order tensor – time being the extra dimension.

Tensor networks then represent “data flow graphs”, where the edges are your multi-dimensional data sets and nodes are the mathematical operations on this data.

Example of of a data flow graph with multiple nodes (data operations). Notice how the execution of nodes is asynchronous. This allows incredible scalability across many machines. Image Source.

Looking at your data through the tensor formalism gives you a lot of powerful tools that were already developed for tensor algebra, allowing fast, complex computations.

Tensor networks are also a natural fit for computations done on graphical processing units (GPUs) as they are built exactly for the purpose of very fast numerical operations on such a data – speeding up your calculations significantly compared to standard CPU execution!

The importance of flexible architecture & scaling

The data flow graph approach has also further advantages. Most notably, you can split the design of your data flows (i.e. data cleaning, processing, transformations, model building etc.) from its execution. You first build up the graph of your data flow and then you send it to for execution: either on the CPUs of your machines (and it can be your laptop just as well as cluster) or GPUs or a combination. This happens through a single interface that hides all the complexities from you.

Since the execution is asynchronous it scales across many machines and can deal with huge amounts of data.

You can count on the Google guys to build tools not only for academic use, but also heavy-duty operations in the industry!

Is this just another deep learning library?

TensorFlow is of course not the first library to embrace the tensor formalism and GPU execution. The nearest comparisons (and competitors) are Theano, Torch and CGT (Caffe to a limited degree).

While there are significant overlaps between the libraries, TensorFlow tries to provide a broader framework. It is not only a deep learning library – the Data Flow Graphs can incorporate any data processing/analysis applications. It also comes with a very powerful gradient based optimizer with automatic calculations of derivatives offering huge flexibility.

Given this broad vision the closest competitor is probably Theano (while Caffe and the existing Theano wrappers have a narrower focus on deep learning). TensorFlow’s distinguishing feature is that by design its focus is on large, scalable architectures with a complete flexibility in the hardware, best suited for industry/operational use, whereas the other libraries have more academic pedigrees.

Initial analyses also indicate that TensorFlow should bring also performance improvements compared to Theano, although no comprehensive benchmarks have yet been published.

As the other packages are out already for a while, they have large, active communities and often additional supporting software (examples are the very useful wrappers around Theano like Lasagne, Keras and Blocks that provider higher level abstractions to its engine).

Of course, with Google’s gravitas, one can expect that TensorFlow’s open source community will grow very fast and the contributors will quickly add a lot of additional features (and find hidden bugs).

Finally, keep in mind, that while Google provided us with this great data processing framework and some of its machine learning capabilities, it is likely that the most powerful machine learning algorithms still remain Google’s proprietary secret.

Nonetheless, TensorFlow is a huge and very welcome contribution to the open source machine learning world!

Where to go next?

You can find Google’s getting started guide here. The TensorFlow white paper is worth a read too. Source code can be found at the Github page. There is also a Vagrant virtual machine with TensorFlow pre-installed available here.

Tag Archive for: Google

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The Event Log Data Model for Process Mining

Task Mining

Machine Learning for Process and Task Mining on Text and Video Data

Object-Centric Process Mining

Enhancement of the Data Model for Obect-Centricity

Storing the Object-Centrc Analytical Data Model on Data Mesh Architecture

About the Process Mining Tool for Object-Centric Process Mining

So why using IaC for Cloud Data Infrastructures?

Version Control for your Cloud Infrastructure

Scalability Tailored for Data Needs

Cost-Efficiency in Resource Allocation

Streamlined Collaboration Among Teams

Enhanced Security and Compliance

Reliable Environment for Data Operations

Documentation and Disaster Recovery Made Easy

Most common IaC solutions

Terraform

Pulumi

Cloud Provider specific IaC Solutions

IaC Tools for Server Configuration

Other types of IaC Solutions

Conclusion

Applications of BI, Data Science and Process Mining grow together

Bring separate(d) applications together with Data Mesh

Example of a Data Mesh on Microsoft Azure Cloud using Databricks

Summary – What value can you expect?

Microsoft Azure

Kore.ai

RapidMiner Studio

1 The datasets

2 The whole architecture

3 The encoder

4, The decoder

5 Masking tokens in practice

6 Decoding process

1. Big Data Definition

1.1. Volumen: Menge der erzeugten Daten

1.2. Vielfalt: Unterschiedliche Arten von Daten

1.3. Geschwindigkeit: Geschwindigkeit, mit der Daten genutzt werden

2. Geschichte von Big Data

2.1. Google Solution

2.2 Google File System

2.3. Bigtable

2.4. MapReduce

Tag Archive for: Google

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