Akshay Chavan

Visual Question Answering with Keras – Part 1

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This is Part I of II of the Article Series Visual Question Answering with Keras

Making Computers Intelligent to answer from images

If we look closer in the history of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Deep Learning has gained more popularity in the recent years and has achieved the human-level performance in the tasks such as Speech Recognition, Image Classification, Object Detection, Machine Translation and so on. However, as humans, not only we but also a five-year child can normally perform these tasks without much inconvenience. But the development of such systems with these capabilities has always considered an ambitious goal for the researchers as well as for developers.

In this series of blog posts, I will cover an introduction to something called VQA (Visual Question Answering), its available datasets, the Neural Network approach for VQA and its implementation in Keras and the applications of this challenging problem in real life. 

Table of Contents:

1 Introduction

2 What is exactly Visual Question Answering?

3 Prerequisites

4 Datasets available for VQA

4.1 DAQUAR Dataset

4.2 CLEVR Dataset

4.3 FigureQA Dataset

4.4 VQA Dataset

5 Real-life applications of VQA

6 Conclusion

 

  1. Introduction:

Let’s say you are given a below picture along with one question. Can you answer it?

I expect confidently you all say it is the Kitchen without much inconvenience which is also the right answer. Even a five-year child who just started to learn things might answer this question correctly.

Alright, but can you write a computer program for such type of task that takes image and question about the image as an input and gives us answer as output?

Before the development of the Deep Neural Network, this problem was considered as one of the difficult, inconceivable and challenging problem for the AI researcher’s community. However, due to the recent advancement of Deep Learning the systems are capable of answering these questions with the promising result if we have a required dataset.

Now I hope you have got at least some intuition of a problem that we are going to discuss in this series of blog posts. Let’s try to formalize the problem in the below section.

  1. What is exactly Visual Question Answering?:

We can define, “Visual Question Answering(VQA) is a system that takes an image and natural language question about the image as an input and generates natural language answer as an output.”

VQA is a research area that requires an understanding of vision(Computer Vision)  as well as text(NLP). The main beauty of VQA is that the reasoning part is performed in the context of the image. So if we have an image with the corresponding question then the system must able to understand the image well in order to generate an appropriate answer. For example, if the question is the number of persons then the system must able to detect faces of the persons. To answer the color of the horse the system need to detect the objects in the image. Many of these common problems such as face detection, object detection, binary object classification(yes or no), etc. have been solved in the field of Computer Vision with good results.

To summarize a good VQA system must be able to address the typical problems of CV as well as NLP.

To get a better feel of VQA you can try online VQA demo by CloudCV. You just go to this link and try uploading the picture you want and ask the related question to the picture, the system will generate the answer to it.

 

  1. Prerequisites:

In the next post, I will walk you through the code for this problem using Keras. So I assume that you are familiar with:

  1. Fundamental concepts of Machine Learning
  2. Multi-Layered Perceptron
  3. Convolutional Neural Network
  4. Recurrent Neural Network (especially LSTM)
  5. Gradient Descent and Backpropagation
  6. Transfer Learning
  7. Hyperparameter Optimization
  8. Python and Keras syntax
  1. Datasets available for VQA:

As you know problems related to the CV or NLP the availability of the dataset is the key to solve the problem. The complex problems like VQA, the dataset must cover all possibilities of questions answers in real-world scenarios. In this section, I will cover some of the datasets available for VQA.

4.1 DAQUAR Dataset:

The DAQUAR dataset is the first dataset for VQA that contains only indoor scenes. It shows the accuracy of 50.2% on the human baseline. It contains images from the NYU_Depth dataset.

Example of DAQUAR dataset

Example of DAQUAR dataset

The main disadvantage of DAQUAR is the size of the dataset is very small to capture all possible indoor scenes.

4.2 CLEVR Dataset:

The CLEVR Dataset from Stanford contains the questions about the object of a different type, colors, shapes, sizes, and material.

It has

  • A training set of 70,000 images and 699,989 questions
  • A validation set of 15,000 images and 149,991 questions
  • A test set of 15,000 images and 14,988 questions

Image Source: https://cs.stanford.edu/people/jcjohns/clevr/?source=post_page

 

4.3 FigureQA Dataset:

FigureQA Dataset contains questions about the bar graphs, line plots, and pie charts. It has 1,327,368 questions for 100,000 images in the training set.

4.4 VQA Dataset:

As comapred to all datasets that we have seen so far VQA dataset is relatively larger. The VQA dataset contains open ended as well as multiple choice questions. VQA v2 dataset contains:

  • 82,783 training images from COCO (common objects in context) dataset
  • 40, 504 validation images and 81,434 validation images
  • 443,757 question-answer pairs for training images
  • 214,354 question-answer pairs for validation images.

As you might expect this dataset is very huge and contains 12.6 GB of training images only. I have used this dataset in the next post but a very small subset of it.

This dataset also contains abstract cartoon images. Each image has 3 questions and each question has 10 multiple choice answers.

  1. Real-life applications of VQA:

There are many applications of VQA. One of the famous applications is to help visually impaired people and blind peoples. In 2016, Microsoft has released the “Seeing AI” app for visually impaired people to describe the surrounding environment around them. You can watch this video for the prototype of the Seeing AI app.

Another application could be on social media or e-commerce sites. VQA can be also used for educational purposes.

  1. Conclusion:

I hope this explanation will give you a good idea of Visual Question Answering. In the next blog post, I will walk you through the code in Keras.

If you like my explanations, do provide some feedback, comments, etc. and stay tuned for the next post.

Edward Huskin

The New Age of Big Data: Is It the Death of Hadoop?

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Big Data had gone through several transformations through the years, growing into the phrase we identify it as today. From its first identified use on the back of Hadoop and MapReduce, a new age of Big Data has been ushered in with the spread of new technologies such as Kubernetes, Spark, and NoSQL databases.

These might not serve the exact same purpose as Hadoop individually, but they fill the same niche and do the same job with features the original platform designers never envisioned.

The multi-cloud architecture boom and increasing emphasis on real-time data may just mean the end of Big Data as we know it, and Hadoop with it.

A brief history of Big Data

The use of data for making business decisions can be traced back to ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia. However, the age of Big Data as we know it is only as old as 2005 when O’Reilly Media launched the phrase. It was used to describe the massive amounts of data that the world was beginning to produce on the internet.

The newly-dubbed Web 2.0 needed to be indexed and easily searchable, and, Yahoo, being the behemoth that it was, was just the right company for the job. Hadoop was born off the efforts of Yahoo engineers, depending on Google’s MapReduce under the hood. A new era of Big Data had begun, and Hadoop was at the forefront of the revolution.

The new technologies led to a fundamental shift in the way the world regarded data processing. Traditional assumptions of atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID) began to fade, and new use cases for previously unusable data began to emerge.

Hadoop would begin its life as a commercial platform with the launch of Cloudera in 2008, followed by rivals such as Hortonworks, EMC and MapR. It continued its momentous run until it seemingly hit its peak in 2015, and its place in the enterprise market would never be guaranteed again

Where Hadoop Couldn’t Keep Up

Hadoop made its mark in the world of Big Data by being a platform to collect, store and analyze large swathes of data. However, not even a technology as revolutionary and versatile as Hadoop could exist without its drawbacks.

Some of these would be so costly developers would rather design whole new systems to deal with them. With time, Hadoop started to lose its charm, unable to grow past its initial vision as a Big Data software.

Hadoop is a machine made up of smaller moving parts that are incredibly efficient at what they do – crunch data. This ultimately results in one of the first drawbacks of Hadoop – it does not come with built-in support for analytics data. Hadoop works well to process your data, but not likely as you need – visual reports about how the data is being processed, for instance.

MapReduce was also built from the ground up to be file-intensive. This makes it a great piece of software for simple requests, but not so much for iterative data. For smaller datasets, it turns out to be a rather inefficient solution.

Another area Hadoop lands flat on its face is with regards to real-time processing and reporting. Hadoop suffers from the curse of time. It relies on technologies that even its very founders (Google in particular) no longer rely on.

With MapReduce, every time you want to analyze a modified dataset (say, after adding or deleting data), you have to stream over the whole dataset again. Thanks to this feature, Hadoop is horrible at real-time reporting – a feature that led to the creation of Percolator, MapReduce’s replacement within Google.

The emergence of better technology has also meant a rise in the number of threats to said technology and a corresponding increase in the emphasis that is placed on it.

Unfortunately, Hadoop is nowhere close to being secure. As a matter of fact, its security settings are off by default, and it has too much inertia to simply change that. To make things worse, plugging in security measures isn’t that much easier.

The Fall of Hadoop

With these and more shortcomings in the data science world, new tools such as Hive, Pig and Spark were created to work on top of Hadoop to overcome its weaknesses. But it simply couldn’t grow out of the shoes it had been made for.

The growth of NoSQL databases such as Hazelcast and MongoDB also meant that problems Hadoop was designed to support were now being solved by single players rather than the ‘all or nothing’ approach Hadoop was designed with. It wasn’t flexible enough to evolve beyond simply being a batch processing software.

Over time, new Big Data challenges began to emerge that a large monolithic software like Hadoop couldn’t deal with, either. Being primarily file-intensive, it couldn’t keep up with the variety of data sources that were now available, the lack of support for dynamic schemas, on-the-fly queries, and the rise of cloud infrastructure all caused people to seek different solutions. Hadoop had lost its grip on the enterprise world.

Businesses whose primary concern was dealing with Hadoop infrastructure like Cloudera and Hortonworks were seeing less and less adoption. This led to the eventual merger of the two companies in 2019, and the same message rang out from different corners of the world at the same time: ‘Hadoop is dead.’

Is Hadoop Really Dead?

Hadoop still has a place in the enterprise world – the problems it was designed to solve still exist to this day. Technologies such as Spark have largely taken over the same space that Hadoop once occupied.

The question of Hadoop or Spark is one every data scientist has to contend with at some point, and most seem to be settling in the latter of these, thanks to the great advantages is speed it offers.

It’s unlikely Hadoop will see much more adoption with newer marker entrants, especially considering the pace with which technology moves. It also doesn’t help that a lot of alternatives have a much smaller learning curve than the convoluted monolith that is Hadoop. Companies like MapR and Cloudera have also begun to pivot away from Hadoop-only infrastructure to more robust cloud-based solutions. Hadoop still has its place, but maybe not for long.

Redaktion

Whitepaper „Data-Management“: Wenn Daten auf Reisen gehen

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Datenmanagement ist heutzutage ein komplexes Thema und schon lange nicht mehr nur die Aufgabe der Abteilung „EDV“. Unstrukturierte Daten von Sensoren, Maschinen und Anlagen haben einen langen Weg durch das Unternehmen, bevor sie Mehrwerte liefern.

Innovative, digitale Kundenservices erfordern neue Infrastrukturen und Cloudanwendungen in der Umsetzung. Wie Sie mit Ihren Daten auf Reisen gehen, ohne unnötige Risiken einzugehen, zeigt Ihnen das gut gelaunte Autorenteam in der praktischen Sommerausgabe dieses Whitepapers. Erfrischend geschrieben, konstruktiv beispielhaft und mit einer optischen Aufmachung, die auch am Strand einen guten Eindruck macht.

Die gut umgesetzte Idee der Autoren können Sie sich als Download oder sogar als Taschenbuch kostenlos zuschicken lassen. Auf der Website www.pack-die-daten-ein.de werden Sie fündig. Wer sich schnell auf die Datenreise begibt, wird belohnt. Das Autorenteam bedankt sich bei den ersten 25 Lesern für ihr Interesse mit einer Original OGIO-Reisetasche. Ob Download oder Taschenbuch, es ist ein sehr angenehmer Service und Bereicherung für die Sommerreise.

Whitepaper - Pack die Daten ein

Signavio

Von BI zu PI: Der nächste Schritt auf dem Weg zu datengetriebenen Entscheidungen

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„Alles ist stetig und fortlaufend im Wandel.“ „Das Tempo der Veränderungen nimmt zu.“ „Die Welt wird immer komplexer und Unternehmen müssen Schritt halten.“ Unternehmen jeder Art und Größe haben diese Sätze schon oft gehört – vielleicht zu oft! Und dennoch ist es für den Erfolg eines Unternehmens von entscheidender Bedeutung, sich den Veränderungen anzupassen.

Read this article in English: 
“From BI to PI: The Next Step in the Evolution of Data-Driven Decisions”

Sie müssen die zugrunde liegenden organisatorischen Bausteine verstehen, um sicherzustellen, dass die von Ihnen getroffenen Entscheidungen sich auch in die richtige Richtung entwickeln. Es geht sozusagen um die DNA Ihres Unternehmens: die Geschäftsprozesse, auf denen Ihre Arbeitsweise basiert, und die alles zu einer harmonischen Einheit miteinander verbinden. Zu verstehen, wie diese Prozesse verlaufen und an welcher Stelle es Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten gibt, kann den Unterschied zwischen Erfolg und Misserfolg ausmachen.

Unternehmen, die ihren Fokus auf Wachstum gesetzt haben, haben dies bereits erkannt. In der Vergangenheit wurde Business Intelligence als die Lösung für diese Herausforderung betrachtet. In jüngerer Zeit sehen sich zukunftsorientierte Unternehmen damit konfrontiert, Lösungen zu überwachen, die mit dem heutigen Tempo der Veränderungen Schritt halten können. Gleichzeitig erkennen diese Unternehmen, dass die zunehmende Komplexität der Geschäftsprozesse dazu führt, dass herkömmliche Methoden nicht mehr ausreichen.

Anpassung an ein sich änderndes Umfeld? Die Herausforderungen von BI

Business Intelligence ist nicht notwendigerweise überholt oder unnötig. In einer schnelllebigen und sich ständig verändernden Welt stehen die BI-Tools und -Lösungen jedoch vor einer Reihe von Herausforderungen. Hierzu können zählen:

  • Hohe Datenlatenz – Die Datenlatenz gibt an, wie lange ein Benutzer benötigt, um Daten beispielsweise über ein Business-Intelligence-Dashboard abzurufen. In vielen Fällen kann dies mehr als 24 Stunden dauern. Ein geschäftskritischer Zeitraum, da Unternehmen Geschäftschancen für sich nutzen möchten, die möglicherweise ein begrenztes Zeitfenster haben.
  • Unvollständige Datensätze – Business Intelligence verfolgt einen breiten Ansatz, sodass Prüfungen möglicherweise zwar umfassend, aber nicht tief greifend sind. Dies erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Daten übersehen werden; insbesondere in Fällen, in denen die Prüfungsparameter durch die Tools selbst nur schwer geändert werden können.
  • Erkennung statt Analyse – Business-Intelligence-Tools sind in erster Linie darauf ausgelegt, Daten zu finden. Der Fokus hierbei liegt vor allem auf Daten, die für ihre Benutzer nützlich sein können. An dieser Stelle endet jedoch häufig die Leistungsfähigkeit der Tools, da sie Benutzern keine einfachen Optionen bieten, die Daten tatsächlich zu analysieren. Die Möglichkeit, umsetzbare Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen, verringert sich somit.
  • Eingeschränkte Skalierbarkeit – Im Allgemeinen bleibt Business Intelligence ein Bereich für Spezialisten und Experten mit dem entsprechenden Know-how, über das Mitarbeiter im operativen Bereich oftmals nicht verfügen. Ohne umfangreiches Verständnis für die geschäftlichen Prozesse und deren Analyse innerhalb des Unternehmens bleibt die optimierte Anwendung eines bestimmten Business-Intelligence-Tools aber eingeschränkt.
  • Nicht nachvollziehbare Metriken – Werden Metriken verwendet, die nicht mit den Geschäftsprozessen verknüpft sind, kann Business Intelligence kaum positive Veränderungen innerhalb eines Unternehmens unterstützen. Für Benutzer ist es schwierig, Ergebnisse richtig auszuwerten und zu verstehen und diese Ergebnisse zweckdienlich zu nutzen.

Process Intelligence: der nächste wegweisende Schritt

Es bedarf einer effektiveren Methode zur Prozessanalyse, um eine effiziente Arbeitsweise und fundierte Entscheidungsfindung sicherzustellen. An dieser Stelle kommt Process Intelligence (PI) ins Spiel. PI bietet die entscheidenden Hintergrundinformationen für die Beantwortung von Fragen, die mit Business-Intelligence-Tools unbeantwortet bleiben.

Process Intelligence ermöglicht die durchgehende Visualisierung von Prozessabläufen mithilfe von Rohdaten. Mit dem richtigen Process-Intelligence-Tool können diese Rohdaten sofort analysiert werden, sodass Prozesse präzise angezeigt werden. Der Endbenutzer kann diese Informationen nach Bedarf einsehen und bearbeiten, ohne eine Vorauswahl für die Analyse treffen zu müssen.

Zum Vergleich: Da Business Intelligence vordefinierte Analysekriterien benötigt, kann BI nur dann wirklich nützlich sein, wenn diese Kriterien auch definiert sind. Unternehmen können verzögerte Analysen vermeiden, indem sie Process Intelligence zur Ermittlung der Hauptursache von Prozessproblemen nutzen, und dann die richtigen Kriterien zur Bestimmung des Analyserahmens auswählen.

Anschließend können Sie Ihre Systemprozesse analysieren und erkennen die Diskrepanzen und Varianten zwischen dem angestrebten Geschäftsprozess und dem tatsächlichen Verlauf Ihrer Prozesse. Und je schneller Sie Echtzeit-Einblicke in Ihre Prozesse gewinnen, desto schneller können Sie in Ihrem Unternehmen positive Veränderungen auf den Weg bringen.

Kurz gesagt: Business Intelligence eignet sich dafür, ein breites Verständnis über die Abläufe in einem Unternehmen zu gewinnen. Für einige Unternehmen kann dies ausreichend sein. Für andere hingegen ist ein Überblick nicht genug.

Sie suchen nach einer Möglichkeit um festzustellen, wie jeder Prozess in Ihrer Organisation tatsächlich funktioniert? Die Antwort hierauf lautet Software. Software, die Prozesserkennung, Prozessanalyse und Konformitätsprüfung miteinander kombiniert.

Mit den richtigen Process-Intelligence-Tools können Sie nicht nur Daten aus den verschiedenen IT-Systemen in Ihrem Unternehmen gewinnen, sondern auch Ihre End-to-End-Prozesse kontinuierlich überwachen. So erhalten Sie Erkenntnisse über mögliche Risiken und Verbesserungspotenziale. PI steht für einen kollaborativen Ansatz zur Prozessverbesserung, der zu einem bahnbrechenden Verständnis über die Abläufe in Ihrem Unternehmen führt, und wie diese optimiert werden können.

Erhöhtes Potenzial mit Signavio Process Intelligence

Mit Signavio Process Intelligence erhalten Sie wegweisende Erkenntnisse über Ihre Prozesse, auf deren Basis Sie bessere Geschäftsentscheidungen treffen können. Erlangen Sie eine vollständige Sicht auf Ihre Abläufe und ein Verständnis dafür, was in Ihrer Organisation tatsächlich geschieht.

Als Teil der Signavio Business Transformation Suite lässt sich Signavio Process Intelligence perfekt mit der Prozessmodellierung und -automatisierung kombinieren. Als eine vollständig cloudbasierte Process-Mining-Lösung erleichtert es die Software, organisationsweit zusammenzuarbeiten und Wissen zu teilen.

Generieren Sie neue Ideen, sparen Sie Aufwand und Kosten ein und optimieren Sie Ihre Prozesse. Erfahren Sie mehr über Signavio Process Intelligence.

Signavio

From BI to PI: The Next Step in the Evolution of Data-Driven Decisions

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“Change is a constant.” “The pace of change is accelerating.” “The world is increasingly complex, and businesses have to keep up.” Organizations of all shapes and sizes have heard these ideas over and over—perhaps too often! However, the truth remains that adaptation is crucial to a successful business.

Read this article in German: Von der Datenanalyse zur Prozessverbesserung: So gelingt eine erfolgreiche Process-Mining-Initiative

 

Of course, the only way to ensure that the decisions you make are evolving in the right way is to understand the underlying building blocks of your organization. You can think of it as DNA; the business processes that underpin the way you work and combine to create a single unified whole. Knowing how those processes operate, and where the opportunities for improvement lie, can be the difference between success and failure.

Businesses with an eye on their growth understand this already. In the past, Business Intelligence was seen as the solution to this challenge. In more recent times, forward-thinking organizations see the need for monitoring solutions that can keep up with today’s rate of change, at the same time as they recognize that increasing complexity within business processes means traditional methods are no longer sufficient.

Adapting to a changing environment? The challenges of BI

Business Intelligence itself is not necessarily defunct or obsolete. However, the tools and solutions that enable Business Intelligence face a range of challenges in a fast-paced and constantly changing world. Some of these issues may include:

  • High data latency – Data latency refers to how long it takes for a business user to retrieve data from, for example, a business intelligence dashboard. In many cases, this can take more than 24 hours, a critical time period when businesses are attempting to take advantage of opportunities that may have a limited timeframe.
  • Incomplete data sets – The broad approach of Business Intelligence means investigations may run wide but not deep. This increases the chances that data will be missed, especially in instances where the tools themselves make the parameters for investigations difficult to change.
  • Discovery, not analysis – Business intelligence tools are primarily optimized for exploration, with a focus on actually finding data that may be useful to their users. Often, this is where the tools stop, offering no simple way for users to actually analyze the data, and therefore reducing the possibility of finding actionable insights.
  • Limited scalability – In general, Business Intelligence remains an arena for specialists and experts, leaving a gap in understanding for operational staff. Without a wide appreciation for processes and their analysis within an organization, the opportunities to increase the application of a particular Business Intelligence tool will be limited.
  • Unconnected metrics – Business Intelligence can be significantly restricted in its capacity to support positive change within a business through the use of metrics that are not connected to the business context. This makes it difficult for users to interpret and understand the results of an investigation, and apply these results to a useful purpose within their organization.

Process Intelligence: the next evolutionary step

To ensure companies can work efficiently and make the best decisions, a more effective method of process discovery is needed. Process Intelligence (PI) provides the critical background to answer questions that cannot be answered with Business Intelligence tools.

Process Intelligence offers visualization of end-to-end process sequences using raw data, and the right Process Intelligence tool means analysis of that raw data can be conducted straight away, so that processes are displayed accurately. The end-user is free to view and work with this accurate information as they please, without the need to do a preselection for the analysis.

By comparison, because Business Intelligence requires predefined analysis criteria, only once the criteria are defined can BI be truly useful. Organizations can avoid delayed analysis by using Process Intelligence to identify the root causes of process problems, then selecting the right criteria to determine the analysis framework.

Then, you can analyze your system processes and see the gaps and variants between the intended business process and what you actually have. And of course, the faster you discover what you have, the faster you can apply the changes that will make a difference in your business.

In short, Business Intelligence is suitable for gaining a broad understanding of the way a business usually functions. For some businesses, this will be sufficient. For others, an overview is not enough.

They understand that true insights lie in the detail, and are looking for a way of drilling down into exactly how each process within their organization actually works. Software that combines process discovery, process analysis, and conformance checking is the answer.

The right Process Intelligence tools means you will be able to automatically mine process models from the different IT systems operating within your business, as well as continuously monitor your end-to-end processes for insights into potential risks and ongoing improvement opportunities. All of this is in service of a collaborative approach to process improvement, which will lead to a game-changing understanding of how your business works, and how it can work better.

Early humans evolved from more primitive ancestors, and in the process, learned to use more and more sophisticated tools. For the modern human, working in a complex organization, the right tool is Process Intelligence.

Endless Potential with Signavio Process Intelligence

Signavio Process Intelligence allows you to unearth the truth about your processes and make better decisions based on true evidence found in your organization’s IT systems. Get a complete end-to-end perspective and understanding of exactly what is happening in your organization in a matter of weeks.

As part of Signavio Business Transformation Suite, Signavio Process Intelligence integrates perfectly with Signavio Process Manager and is accessible from the Signavio Collaboration Hub. As an entirely cloud-based process mining solution, the tool makes it easy to collaborate with colleagues from all over the world and harness the wisdom of the crowd.

Find out more about Signavio Process Intelligence, and see how it can help your organization generate more ideas, save time and money, and optimize processes.